Propagation models in the context of wireless communication include empirical models, such as the Okumura-Hata and 231 models, which estimate signal propagation based on empirical data and environmental factors such as terrain and buildings. Additionally, deterministic models use physics-based calculations to predict signal behavior, taking into account obstacles and materials that affect wave propagation.
Finally, stochastic models incorporate statistical methods to model signal variability and predict signal strength under varying conditions, often used in modern wireless network planning and optimization.
In wireless communication, the three main propagation models are free space path loss, log-normal observation, and multiple fading. Free space path loss describes the signal attenuation as the distance increases between the transmitter and receiver in open space.
The logical observation of the log of signal fluctuations due to obstacles and environmental changes, often modeled with a Gaussian distribution. Multipath fading results in signals arriving at the receiver via multiple paths, causing phase shifts and interference that affect signal quality.
Radio wave propagation modes include ground wave, sky wave, and space wave modes. Terrestrial wave propagation follows the Earth’s surface, suitable for short-range communication at lower frequencies.
Skywave propagation involves signals bouncing off the ionosphere, enabling long-distance communication at medium frequencies. Space wave propagation occurs in the line of sight between antennas, common at higher frequencies used in microwave links and satellite communication.
In networking, propagation methods refer to how signals move through networks. Common methods include guided transmission, where signals are directed along a specific path such as cables or optical fibers, ensuring reliable data transfer over short to medium distances.
Wireless transmission uses radio waves or infrared signals to communicate without physical connections, suitable for mobile devices and remote connectivity. Broadcast transmission involves signals sent to multiple recipients simultaneously, typical of radio and television to effectively reach a large audience
