The concept of a superdirective antenna array revolves around the extremely high responsiveness and sensitivity compared to traditional antenna arrays. It involves designing an array of antenna elements in such a way that they focus electromagnetic energy very tightly in a specific direction. This energy concentration allows superdirective antenna arrays to achieve very high gain and spatial resolution, making them suitable for applications requiring precise directionality and enhanced signal reception. Superdirective arrays are used in radar systems, satellite communications and radio astronomy, where precision and sensitivity are essential.
A progressive array antenna consists of several antenna elements that are electronically controlled to produce a focused beam of radio waves or microwaves. Unlike traditional antennas that use mechanical steering to change their direction, phased arrays adjust the phase and amplitude of signals in each antenna element electronically. This capability allows phased arrays to direct their beams quickly and precisely without physically moving the antenna structure. Progressive arrays offer advantages such as fast beam scanning, high agility and the ability to form multiple beams simultaneously, making them ideal for applications such as radar systems, communications satellites and wireless communications .
The directivity of antenna arrays refers to their ability to focus electromagnetic radiation in a specific direction. It is a measure of how focused an antenna array transmitted or received energy in a narrow beam. Directivity is usually quantified by the antenna gain, which represents the ratio of the radiation intensity in the direction of maximum radiation to that of an isotropic radiator (which radiates equally in all directions). Antenna arrays with high directivity have high gain and are capable of efficiently transmitting or receiving signals over long distances with minimal loss.
Antenna arrays find various applications in various fields due to their ability to improve signal performance, increase coverage, and provide flexibility in beam steering and shaping. Some common applications include radar systems for air traffic control and weather monitoring, where antenna arrays provide precise target detection and tracking. In telecommunications, antenna arrays are used in satellite communications, cellular base stations, and Wi-Fi routers to improve signal strength, reduce interference, and increase data transmission rates. Antenna arrays also play a crucial role in radio astronomy to observe celestial objects and in military applications for radar surveillance and communications systems. Their versatility and performance make antenna arrays indispensable in modern technology for civil and defense purposes.