An antenna array refers to a configuration of multiple antenna elements arranged in a specific pattern to achieve the desired radiation or reception characteristics. These elements work together cohesively to improve performance compared to a single antenna. The array can be designed to focus radiation in a specific direction, direct the beam electronically, increase gain, improve signal-to-noise ratio, or achieve diversity in signal reception. Antenna arrays find applications in various fields such as radar, communications systems, wireless networks and satellite communication, where directional control, increased sensitivity or spatial coverage are essential.
The term “aerial array” is synonymous with antenna array and refers to the same concept of multiple antennas organized in a systematic way to achieve specific performance objectives. The use of “aerial” in some contexts, especially in older literature or certain regions, may refer to antennas used for broadcasting, communication, or radar applications. Aerial arrays are designed based on the principles of antenna theory and electromagnetic wave propagation to optimize performance characteristics such as directivity, gain and impedance matching.
Designing an antenna array involves several steps and considerations depending on the application requirements and desired performance parameters. The process typically begins by defining the operational frequency range, radiation requirements, and environmental conditions. Then the antenna elements are selected based on their characteristics such as gain, bandwidth and impedance. The spacing between elements, known as inter-element spacing, is critical and influences the directivity and beam steering capabilities of the array. Techniques such as progressive array technology can be used to electronically control the phase and amplitude of signals between array elements to achieve beamforming and directional control.
MIMO (multiple multiple input) antenna systems can be considered as a type of antenna array, specifically designed for wireless communication systems. MIMO systems use multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver to improve communication throughput, reliability, and spectral efficiency by exploiting spatial diversity and multipath propagation. While MIMO antennas share similarities with traditional antenna arrays in terms of multiple elements working together, they are specifically optimized for wireless communications protocols such as Wi-Fi, LTE and 5G to improve data rates and network performance.
The size of an antenna array can vary significantly depending on its intended application, operational frequency, and design objectives. Small antenna arrays can be composed of a few closely spaced elements, suitable for applications requiring compact size and limited coverage area. On the other hand, large-scale antenna arrays can encompass hundreds or even thousands of elements, distributed over a larger area, used in applications such as radar systems, satellite communication, and antennas. phased array for beamforming and steering applications. The physical size of an antenna array influences factors such as gain, directivity, and the ability to handle high-power signals, making size considerations crucial in antenna array design and deployment .