A radar system works by transmitting radio waves, usually in the microwave frequency range, from a radar antenna. These waves travel through the air and encounter objects on their way. When a radar wave hits an object, part of the wave reflects back to the radar antenna. This reflected signal, known as an echo, carries information about the distance, direction and speed of the object. The radar system detects these echoes using a receiver that processes the returned signals. By measuring the delay between transmission and reception of the radar pulse, the radar calculates the distance to the object (range). Additionally, the radar can determine the direction of detected objects by analyzing the phase and amplitude of the received signals relative to the transmitted pulse. This directional information helps radar systems track and monitor the positions of targets within their coverage area, enabling applications such as air traffic control, weather monitoring, and military surveillance.
The radar detects direction by analyzing the phase and amplitude of radio waves reflected from objects in its field of view. When a radar pulse strikes an object, the reflected signal contains information about the angle at which the object is located relative to the radar antenna. Radar systems use directional antennas, such as phased array antennas or mechanically scanned antennas, to transmit and receive radar waves over a specific angular range. By comparing the received signal resistances of different antenna elements or scanning positions, the radar can determine the azimuth (horizontal direction) and elevation angles (vertical direction) of detected targets. Direction finding in radar is essential for accurately tracking moving objects, identifying their positions relative to the radar site, and maintaining situational awareness in operational environments. Advanced radar systems integrate digital signal processing techniques to improve the precision and precision of direction sensing, supporting various applications in navigation, surveillance and remote sensing.